According to the latest estimates by the United Nations, India has surpassed China as the most populous country in 2023. Women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years old) currently have a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0, which is below the replacement level of 2.1 - a point at which a population has the exact number of births to replace itself from one generation to the next. 

This knowledge product aims to provide a comprehensive and actionable framework for policymakers, stakeholders, and the general public in India to understand the complex interplay between population dynamics and sustainable development. By leveraging the insights and recommendations offered by this knowledge product, India can chart a course towards a more sustainable and equitable future for its citizens.